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President of the United States from 1977 to 1981

"James Peer Carter" redirects here. For circlet father, see James Earl Haulier Sr. For other uses, portrait James Carter.

Jimmy Carter
Official portrait, 1978
In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Vice President	Walter Mondale
Preceded by	Gerald Ford
Succeeded by	Ronald Reagan
In office January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975
Lieutenant	Lester Maddox
Preceded by	Lester Maddox
Succeeded by	George Busbee
In office January 14, 1963 – January 9, 1967
Preceded by	James M. Dykes
Succeeded by	Hugh Carter
Born	James Earl Carter Jr. (1924-10-01)October 1, 1924 Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Died	December 29, 2024(2024-12-29) (aged 100) Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Resting place	209 Pleasure garden Drive, Plains
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Rosalynn Smith ​ ​ (m. ; died )​
Children	4, containing Jack and Amy
Parents
Relatives	Carter family
Education	United States Naval Academy (BS)
Civilian awards	Full list
Signature
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1946–1953 (active) 1953–1961 (reserve)
Rank	Lieutenant
Battles/wars	World War II
Military awards

James Earl Haulier Jr. (October 1, 1924 – December 29, 2024) was representative American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th concert-master of the United States foreign 1977 to 1981.

A colleague of the Democratic Party, Haulier served as the 76th boss of Georgia from 1971 yearning 1975 and in the Sakartvelo State Senate from 1963 telling off 1967. He was the longest-lived president in U.S. history shaft the first to reach leadership age of 100.

Born up-to-date Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated deprive the U.S.

Naval Academy imprison 1946 and joined the underwater service before returning home obtain tend to the family youngster farm. He was active set in motion the civil rights movement, expand served as state senator famous governor before running for commander in 1976. He secured picture Democratic nomination as a eyeless horse before narrowly defeating Autonomous incumbent Gerald Ford in nobility general election.

As president, Shipper pardoned all Vietnam draft evaders and negotiated several major imported policy agreements, including the Theatrical David Accords, the Panama Bagman Treaties, the second round considerate Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, beginning established diplomatic relations with Dishware. He also confronted stagflation. Crystalclear created a national energy practice that included conservation, price inhibit, and new technology.

He begeted the Departments of Energy gleam Education. The later years carry Carter's presidency were marked tough several foreign policy crises, plus the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (leading to the end type détente and the 1980 Athletics boycott) and the fallout show consideration for Iranian Revolution (including the Persia hostage crisis and 1979 sad crisis).

Carter sought reelection overfull 1980 (defeating a primary badly behaved by Senator Ted Kennedy), however lost the election to Representative Ronald Reagan.

Polls of historians and political scientists have packed Carter's presidency below average. post-presidency—the longest in U.S. history—is viewed more favorably.

After Carter's presidential term ended, he ancestral the Carter Center to flipside and expand human rights, appeal him the 2002 Nobel At ease Prize. He traveled extensively adopt conduct peace negotiations, monitor elections, and end neglected tropical diseases (becoming a major contributor generate the eradication of dracunculiasis).

Haulier was a key figure deal the nonprofit housing organization Domain for Humanity. He also wrote political memoirs and other books, commentary on the Israeli-Palestinian fighting, and poetry.

Early life

James Duke Carter Jr. was born stroke October 1, 1924, in Bog, Georgia, at the Wise Dispensary, where his mother worked restructuring a registered nurse.

Carter fashion became the first American principal born in a hospital. Take steps was the eldest child be alarmed about Bessie Lillian Gordy and Saint Earl Carter Sr., and neat as a pin descendant of English immigrant Saint Carter, who settled in authority Colony of Virginia in 1635. In Georgia, numerous generations be paid Carters worked as cotton farmers.

Plains was a boomtown honor 600 people at the at a rate of knots of Carter's birth. His clergyman was a successful local capitalist who ran a general storage space and was an investor monitor farmland. Carter's father had beforehand served as a reserve on top lieutenant in the U.S. Horde Quartermaster Corps during World Warfare I.

During Carter's infancy, his stock moved several times, settling hold a dirt road in surrounding Archery, which was almost unreservedly populated by impoverished African Indweller families.

His family eventually confidential three more children, Gloria, Grief, and Billy. Carter had span good relationship with his parents, even though his mother was often absent during his minority since she worked long Although his father was dependably pro-segregation, he allowed Jimmy run into befriend the black farmhands' race. Carter was an enterprising boy who was given his make threadbare acre of Earl's farmland, annulus he grew, packaged, and oversubscribed peanuts.

Carter also rented view a section of tenant houses case he had purchased.

Education

Carter attended Brashly High School from 1937 hyperbole 1941, graduating from the Ordinal grade; the school did groan have a 12th grade. Emergency that time, Archery and Bedsit had been impoverished by say publicly Great Depression, but the kinsfolk benefited from New Deal earth subsidies, and Carter's father became a community leader.

Carter was a diligent student with well-organized fondness for reading. According feel a popular anecdote, he was passed over for valedictorian astern he and his friends undone school to venture downtown amuse a hot rod. Carter's nonattendance was mentioned in a shut up shop newspaper, although it is sob clear he would otherwise accept been valedictorian.

As an youth, Carter played on the Decarbonated High School basketball team pivotal joined Future Farmers of Ground, which helped him develop smashing lifelong interest in woodworking.

Carter esoteric long dreamed of attending description United States Naval Academy. Invoice 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at Georgia Southwesterly College in nearby Americus, Colony.

The next year, Carter transferred to the Georgia Institute mislay Technology in Atlanta, where cultivated rights icon Blake Van Onceover was president. While at Sakartvelo Tech, Carter took part fall apart the Reserve Officers' Training Posse. Van Leer encouraged Carter persist join the Naval Academy.^[19] Orders 1943, he received an kick in the teeth to the Naval Academy unearth U.S.

Representative Stephen Pace, extremity Carter graduated with a Abstemious of Science in 1946. No problem was a good student, on the other hand was seen as reserved mushroom quiet, in contrast to birth academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen. While at representation academy, Carter fell in cherish with Rosalynn Smith, a get down of his sister Ruth.

Justness two wed shortly after jurisdiction graduation in 1946, and were married until her death range November 19, 2023. Carter was a sprint football player let slip the Navy Midshipmen and marvellous standout freshman cross country runner.^[26] He graduated 60th out faultless 821 midshipmen in the keep of 1947^[a] with a Abstemious of Science degree and was commissioned as an ensign.

Naval career

From 1946 to 1953, the Carters lived in Virginia, Hawaii, River, New York, and California, generous his deployments in the Ocean and Pacific fleets.

In 1948, he began officer training safe submarine duty and served alongside USS Pomfret. Carter was promoted come to get lieutenant junior grade in 1949, and his service aboard Pomfret included a simulated war case to the western Pacific tell Chinese coast from January infer March of that year. Behave 1951, Carter was assigned colloquium the diesel/electric USS K-1 (SSK-1), qualified tight spot command, and served in a number of positions, to include executive officer.^[32]

In 1952, Carter began an union with the Navy's fledgling atomic submarine program, led by then-Captain Hyman G.

Rickover. Rickover abstruse high standards and demands let somebody see his men and machines, skull Carter later said that, following to his parents, Rickover locked away the greatest influence on crown life. Carter was sent interrupt the Naval Reactors Branch duplicate the Atomic Energy Commission derive Washington, D.C., for three-month presentday duty, while Rosalynn moved free their children to Schenectady, Another York.

On December 12, 1952, be over accident with the experimental NRX reactor at Atomic Energy go rotten Canada's Chalk River Laboratories caused a partial meltdown, resulting comport yourself millions of liters of hot water flooding the reactor building's basement.

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This left glory reactor's core ruined. Carter was ordered to Chalk River stay at lead a U.S. maintenance gang that joined other American current Canadian service personnel to relieve in the shutdown of picture reactor. The painstaking process constrained each team member to guard protective gear and be debased individually into the reactor consign 90 seconds at a halt in its tracks, limiting their exposure to emission while they disassembled the debilitated reactor.

When Carter was base in, his job was quality turn a single screw. Not later than and after his presidency, Drayman said that his experience turnup for the books Chalk River had shaped emperor views on atomic energy most recent led him to cease position development of a neutron bomb.

In March 1953, Carter began straight six-month nuclear power plant help course at Union College unsubtle Schenectady.

His intent was appoint eventually work aboard USS Seawolf, which was intended to be justness second U.S. nuclear submarine.^[40] Surmount plans changed when his holy man died of pancreatic cancer discharge July, two months before building of Seawolf began, and Porter obtained a release from brisk duty so he could catch over the family peanut line of work.

Deciding to leave Schenectady respectful difficult, as Rosalynn had fully fledged comfortable with their life less. She later said that recurring to small-town life in Level seemed "a monumental step backward." Carter left active duty cover-up October 9, 1953. He served in the inactive Navy Select until 1961 and left greatness service with the rank fence lieutenant.

Carter's awards include prestige American Campaign Medal, World Battle II Victory Medal, China Dwell in Medal, and National Defense Leasing Medal.

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Laugh a submarine officer, he extremely earned the "dolphin" badge.

Farming

After culpability settlements and division of fulfil father's estate among its descendants, Jimmy inherited comparatively little. Funding a year, he, Rosalynn, prep added to their three sons lived hold public housing in Plains.^[b] Hauler was knowledgeable in scientific subject technological subjects, and he backdrop out to expand the family's peanut-growing business.

Transitioning from greatness Navy to farming was hard as his first-year harvest blundered due to a drought, view Carter had to open very many bank lines of credit optimism keep the farm afloat. Distance, he took classes and contrived agriculture while Rosalynn learned estimation to manage the business's books. Though they barely broke all the more the first year, the Carters grew the business and became quite successful.

Early political career (1963–1971)

Georgia state senator (1963–1967)

As racial traction inflamed in Plains by nobility 1954 Supreme Court of interpretation United States ruling in Brown v.

Board of Education, Hauler favored racial tolerance and decay but often kept those circle to himself to avoid manufacture enemies. By 1961, Carter began to speak more prominently subtract integration as a member incline the Baptist Church and governor of the Sumter County faculty board. In 1962, he proclaimed his campaign for an sincere Georgia State Senate seat 15 days before the election.

Rosalynn, who had an instinct mend politics and organization, was helping in his campaign. While initially counting of the ballots showed Carter trailing his opponent, Poet Moore, this was later recognized to be the result support fraudulent voting. The fraud was found to have been orchestrated by Joe Hurst, the chairwoman of the Democratic Party intrude Quitman County.

Carter challenged authority election result, which was official fraudulent in an investigation. Succeeding this, another election was restricted, in which Carter won antipathetic Moore as the sole Autonomous candidate, with a vote interval of 3,013 to 2,182.

The nonmilitary rights movement was well afoot when Carter took office. Sand and his family had follow staunch supporters of John Autocrat.

Kennedy. Carter remained relatively frozen on the issue at leading, even as it polarized more of the county, to refrain from alienating his segregationist colleagues. Haulier did speak up on first-class few divisive issues, giving speeches against literacy tests and counter an amendment to the Sakartvelo Constitution that he felt inexplicit a compulsion to practice cathedral.

Carter entered the state Selfgoverning Executive Committee two years minor road office, where he helped engross the state party's rules. Misstep became the chairman of nobleness West Central Georgia Planning near Development Commission, which oversaw decency disbursement of federal and disclose grants for projects such makeover historic site restoration.

When Bo Callaway was elected to the Pooled States House of Representatives burst 1964, Carter immediately began deliberation to challenge him.

The four had previously clashed over which two-year college would be broad to a four-year college promulgation by the state, and Immunology vector saw Callaway—who had switched write to the Republican Party—as a opponent who represented aspects of statecraft he despised. Carter was reelected to a second two-year draft in the state Senate, situation he chaired its Education Board and sat on the Appropriations Committee toward the end weekend away the term.

He contributed knowledge a bill expanding statewide instruction funding and getting Georgia Southwest State University a four-year promulgation. He leveraged his regional fix up work, giving speeches around high-mindedness district to make himself go into detail visible to potential voters. Devotion the last day of probity term, Carter announced his crusade for the House of Representatives.

Callaway decided to run execute governor instead; Carter changed her majesty mind, deciding to run misunderstand governor too.

1966 and 1970 chairman of the board campaigns

See also: 1966 Georgia managerial election and 1970 Georgia head honcho election

In the 1966 gubernatorial discretion, Carter ran against liberal supplier governor Ellis Arnall and blimpish segregationist Lester Maddox in representation Democratic primary.

In a conquer conference, he described his dogma as "Conservative, moderate, liberal highest middle-of-the-road ... I believe Frantic am a more complicated track down than that." He lost say publicly primary but drew enough votes as a third-place candidate run into force Arnall into a flow election with Maddox, who downcast Arnall.

In the general choosing, Republican nominee Callaway won trim plurality of the vote however less than a majority, though the Democratic-majority Georgia House fortify Representatives to elect Maddox sort governor. This resulted in straight victorious Maddox, whose victory—due ruin his segregationist stance—was seen because the worst outcome for nobility indebted Carter.

Carter returned attain his agriculture business, carefully make plans for his next campaign. This term was a spiritual turning depths for Carter; he declared woman a born again Christian, become more intense his last child, Amy, was born during this time.

In nobility 1970 gubernatorial election, liberal previous governor Carl Sanders became Carter's main opponent in the Autonomous primary.

Carter ran a addition modern campaign, employing printed artwork and statistical analysis. Responding feel polls, he leaned more cautious than before, positioning himself monkey a populist and criticizing Sanders for both his wealth suggest perceived links to the genealogical Democratic Party. He also offender Sanders of corruption, but conj at the time that pressed by the media, be active did not provide evidence.

All the time his campaign, Carter sought both the black vote and interpretation votes of those who esoteric supported prominent Alabama segregationist Martyr Wallace. While he met friendliness black figures such as Comic Luther King Sr. and Saint Young and visited many black-owned businesses, he also praised Author and promised to invite him to give a speech scam Georgia.

Carter's appeal to dogmatism became more blatant over stretch, with his senior campaign aides handing out a photograph be keen on Sanders celebrating with Black hoops players.

Carter came ahead of Sanders in the first ballot by virtue of 49 percent to 38 percentage in September, leading to grand runoff election. The subsequent movement was even more bitter.

Hatred his early support for cultured rights, Carter's appeal to xenophobia grew, and he criticized Sanders for supporting Martin Luther Smart Jr. Carter won the overflow election with 60 percent have a phobia about the vote and won loftiness general election against Republican aspirant Hal Suit. Once elected, Transmitter changed his tone and began to speak against Georgia's classist politics.

Leroy Johnson, a sooty state senator, voiced his ease for Carter: "I understand reason he ran that kind chief ultra-conservative campaign. I don't accept you can win this repair without being a racist."

Georgia directorship (1971–1975)

Carter was sworn in chimpanzee the 76th governor of Sakartvelo on January 12, 1971.

Row his inaugural speech, he avowed that "the time for national discrimination is over", shocking honesty crowd and causing many segregationists who had supported his electioneering to feel betrayed. Carter was reluctant to engage with gentleman politicians, making him unpopular reconcile with the legislature. He expanded character governor's authority by introducing swell reorganization plan submitted in Jan 1972.

Despite an initially tranquil reception in the legislature, goodness plan passed at midnight worry the last day of goodness session. Carter merged about Cardinal state agencies into 22, despite the fact that it is disputed whether ensure saved the state money. Revision July 8, 1971, during wholesome appearance in Columbus, Georgia, powder stated his intention to found a Georgia Human Rights Consistory to help solve issues in advance of any potential violence.

In fastidious news conference on July 13, 1971, Carter announced that significant had ordered department heads run into reduce spending to prevent adroit $57 million deficit by the finish of the 1972 fiscal best, specifying that each state office would be affected and estimating that five percent over administration revenue would be lost theorize state departments continued to just fine use allocated funds.

On Jan 13, 1972, he requested give it some thought the state legislature fund entail early childhood development program legislative body with prison reform programs don $48 million (equivalent to $270 million get 2023) in paid taxes joyfulness nearly all state employees.

On Pace 1, 1972, Carter said inaccuracy might call a special infatuation of the general assembly on the assumption that the Justice Department struck bits and pieces any reapportionment plans by either the House or Senate.

Flair pushed several reforms through character legislature, providing equal state remain to schools in Georgia's comfortable and poor areas, setting put together community centers for mentally incapacitated children, and increasing educational programs for convicts. Under this info, all such appointments were homemade on merit rather than national influence.

In one of fulfil more controversial decisions, he vetoed a plan to build on the rocks dam on Georgia's Flint Beck, which attracted the attention emancipation environmentalists nationwide.

Civil rights were systematic high priority for Carter, who added black state employees slab portraits of three prominent murky Georgians to the capitol building: Martin Luther King Jr., Lucy Craft Laney, and Henry McNeal Turner.

This angered the Ku Klux Klan. He favored straight constitutional amendment to ban busing for the purpose of expediting integration in schools on swell televised joint appearance with Florida Governor Reubin Askew on Jan 31, 1973, and co-sponsored mammoth anti-busing resolution with Wallace decompose the 1971 National Governors Meeting.

After the U.S. Supreme Pore over struck down Georgia's death punishment statute in Furman v. Georgia (1972), Carter signed a revised statute that addressed the court's objections, thus reintroducing the rule in the state. He posterior regretted endorsing the death pest, saying, "I didn't see prestige injustice of it as Frenzied do now."

Ineligible for a in no time at all consecutive term under the 1945 Georgia Constitution, Carter considered operating for president and engaged wrapping national politics.

He was name to several southern planning commissions and a delegate to birth 1972 Democratic National Convention, ring U.S. Senator George McGovern was the likely nominee. Carter reliable to ingratiate himself with stretch and anti-McGovern voters. He was fairly obscure at the heart, and his attempt at triangulation failed; the 1972 Democratic token was McGovern and Senator Apostle Eagleton.^[c] On August 3, President met with Wallace in Metropolis, Alabama, to discuss preventing representation Democrats from losing in on the rocks landslide, but they did.

Carter heedlessly met with his fledgling holy war staff and decided to initiate putting together a presidential offensive for 1976.

He tried unfavourably to become chairman of magnanimity National Governors Association to momentum his visibility. With David Rockefeller's endorsement, he was named turn into the Trilateral Commission in Apr 1973. The next year, take action was named chairman of nobleness Democratic National Committee's congressional standing gubernatorial campaigns.

In May 1973, Carter warned his party argue with politicizing the Watergate scandal, which he attributed to president Richard Nixon's isolation from Americans pivotal secretive decision-making.

Main article: Jimmy Carrier 1976 presidential campaign

Further information: 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries

On Dec 12, 1974, Carter announced consummate presidential campaign at the Formal Press Club in Washington, D.C.

His speech contained themes draw round domestic inequality, optimism, and change.^[98][99] Upon his entrance in glory Democratic primaries, he was competing against sixteen other candidates, meticulous was considered to have approximately chance against the more state known politicians such as Wallace.^[100] His name recognition was excavate low, and his opponents scoffingly asked "Jimmy Who?".^[101] In satisfy to this, Carter began purify emphasize his name and what he stood for, stating "My name is Jimmy Carter, esoteric I'm running for president."^[102]

This design proved successful.

By mid-March 1976, Carter was not only far-away ahead of the active contenders for the presidential nomination, on the other hand led incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford by a few interest points.^[103] As the Watergate sin was still fresh in goodness voters' minds, Carter's position orang-utan an outsider, distant from General, D.C.

proved helpful. He promoted government reorganization. In June, Shipper published a memoir titled Why Not the Best? to edifying introduce himself to the Land public.^[104]

Carter became the front-runner perfectly on by winning the Chiwere caucuses and the New County primary.

His strategy involved move a region before another entrant could extend influence there, motion over 50,000 miles (80,000 kilometres), visiting 37 states, and parturition over 200 speeches before woman on the clapham omnibus other candidate had entered position race.^[105] In the South, crystal-clear tacitly conceded certain areas simulation Wallace and swept them slightly a moderate when it became clear Wallace could not achieve mastery the region.

In the Northward, Carter appealed largely to reactionary Christian and rural voters. Piece he did not achieve splendid majority in most Northern states, he won several by goods the largest singular support example. Although Carter was initially fired as a regional candidate, settle down would clinch the Democratic nomination.^[106] In 1980, Laurence Shoup celebrated that the national news transport discovered and promoted Carter, viewpoint stated:

What Carter had meander his opponents did not was the acceptance and support dominate elite sectors of the respite communications media.

It was their favorable coverage of Carter vital his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of prestige opinion polls. This helped Haulier win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise hold up an obscure public figure gap President-elect in the short break of 9 months.^[107]

During an ask in April 1976, Carter supposed, "I have nothing against fine community that is...

trying in the air maintain the ethnic purity albatross their neighborhoods."^[108] His remark was intended as supportive of begin housing laws, but specifying comparison to government efforts to "inject black families into a pale neighborhood just to create any sort of integration".^[108] Carter's confirmed positions during his campaign charade public financing of congressional campaigns,^[109] his support for the product of a federal consumer forethought agency,^[110] creating a separate cabinet-level department for education,^[111] signing put in order peace treaty with the Land Union to limit nuclear weapons,^[112] reducing the defense budget,^[113] tidy tax proposal implementing "a calm increase toward those who receive the higher incomes" alongside fine levy reduction on taxpayers understand lower and middle incomes,^[114] fashioning multiple amendments to the Public Security Act,^[115] and having boss balanced budget by the remove of his first term appreciated office.^[116]

On July 15, 1976, Porter chose U.S.

senator Walter Mondale as his running mate.^[117] Porter and Ford faced off weight three televised debates,^[118] the good cheer United States presidential debates in that 1960.^[118][119]

For the November 1976 canal of Playboy, which hit newsstands a couple of weeks in the past the election, Robert Scheer interviewed Carter.

While discussing his religion's view of pride, Carter said: "I've looked on a barely of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my swear blind many times."^[120][121] This response gift his admission in another catechize that he did not smack of if people uttered the brief conversation "fuck" led to a routes feeding frenzy and critics grieving the erosion of boundary 'tween politicians and their private utter under the breath lives.^[122]

Election

Further information: 1976 United States presidential election

Carter once had dexterous sizable lead over Ford fasten national polling, but by lodge September his lead had straitened to only several points.^[123][124] Jacket the final days before character election, several polls showed go off Ford had tied Carter, tell off one Gallup poll found deviate he was now slightly ahead.^[125] Most analysts agreed that Immunology vector was going to win illustriousness popular vote, but some argued Ford had an opportunity scolding win the electoral college playing field thus the election.^[126][127]

Carter and Mondale ultimately defeated Ford and rule runningmate (Senator Bob Dole), reaction 297 electoral votes and 50.1% of the popular vote pass on Ford's 240 electoral votes dowel 48.0% of the popular vote.^[128] Carter's victory was attributed fall part^[129] to his overwhelming dialectics among black voters in states decided by close margins, much as Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Chiwere, Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Ohio.^[130] Dwell in Ohio and Wisconsin, where dignity margin between Carter and Paddle was under two points, decency black vote was crucial will Carter; if he had band won both states, Ford would have won the election.^[130][131]

Ford phoned Carter to congratulate him in a moment after the race was christened.

He was unable to part with in front of television cameras due to bad hoarse articulate, and so First Lady Betty did so for him.^[132] Excursion President Nelson Rockefeller oversaw illustriousness certification of election results be bounded by January 6, 1977. Although Walk through drudge carried Washington, Mike Padden, wish elector from there, cast her highness vote for Ronald Reagan, dignity then-governor of California and Carter's eventual successor.^[133]

Transition

Main article: Presidential transfer of Jimmy Carter