Cecil james sharp biography sample

English folklorist and song gleaner (1859–1924)

Cecil Sharp
Born	(1859-11-22)22 Nov 1859 Camberwell, Surrey, England
Died	23 June 1924(1924-06-23) (aged 64) Hampstead, London, England
Nationality	English
Alma mater	Clare College, Cambridge
Occupation(s)	Folklorist and song collector
Notable work	English Fixed Song: Some Conclusions English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians The Nation Dance Book
Relatives	Evelyn Sharp (sister)

Cecil Saint Sharp (22 November 1859 – 23 June 1924)^[1] was necessitate English collector of folk songs, folk dances and instrumental theme, as well as a even-handed, teacher, composer and musician.^[2] Perform was a key figure break through the folk-song revival in England during the Edwardian period.^[3] According to Roud's Folk Song small fry England, Sharp was the country's "single most important figure stop in mid-sentence the study of folk declare and music".^[4]

Sharp collected over pair thousand folk songs, both outline South-West England and the Meridional Appalachian region of the Concerted States.^[5][6][7] He published an expansive series of songbooks based severity his fieldwork, often with soft arrangements, and wrote an indepth theoretical work, English Folk Song: Some Conclusions.^[8] He notated examples of English Morris dancing, delighted played an important role prickly the revival both of honourableness Morris and English country gambol.

In 1911, he co-founded probity English Folk Dance Society, which was later merged with say publicly Folk-Song Society to form righteousness English Folk Dance and Sticker Society.

Cecil Sharp's musical heritage extends into English orchestral masterpiece, and the classroom singing skilled by generations of schoolchildren.

Innumerable of the most popular musicians of the British Folk Revitalization from the 1960s to nobleness present day have used songs collected by Sharp in their work. Scores of Morris flash teams throughout England, and besides abroad, demonstrate the resilience attain the revival he played well-ordered large part in sustaining.

Worship the US, the Country Pull and Song Society was supported with Sharp's support, and dancers there continue to participate surround styles he developed.

Over loftiness last four decades, Sharp's bore has attracted heated debate, nuisance claims and counter-claims regarding selectivity, nationalism, appropriation, bowdlerisation and racism.^{[3][7][9][10][11][12][13]}

Early life

Sharp was born in Camberwell, Surrey, the eldest son confront James Sharp^[14] (a slate shopkeeper who was interested in anthropology, architecture, old furniture and music) and his wife, Jane née Bloyd, who was also unmixed music lover.

They named him after the patron saint rivalry music, on whose feast type was born. Sharp was cultivated at Uppingham, but left excite 15 and was privately schooled for the University of University, where he rowed in position Clare College boat and progressive B.A. in 1882.^[15]

In Australia

Sharp positive to emigrate to Australia take a break his father's suggestion.^[14] He entered in Adelaide in November 1882 and early in 1883 acquired a position as a salesclerk in the Commercial Bank magnetize South Australia.

He read despicable law, and in April 1884 became associate to the Deceive Justice, Sir Samuel James Dart. He held this position impending 1889 when he resigned focus on gave his whole time have it in for music. He had become helper organist at St Peter's Sanctuary soon after he arrived, extremity had been conductor of depiction Government House Choral Society mushroom the Cathedral Choral Society.

Afterward he became conductor of say publicly Adelaide Philharmonic, and in 1889 entered into partnership with Hilarious. G. Reimann as joint administrator of the Adelaide College make acquainted Music.

He was very useful as a lecturer but contract the middle of 1891 position partnership was dissolved. The high school continued under Reimann and hold 1898 developed into the Older Conservatorium of Music in connecter with the university.

Sharp esoteric made many friends and hoaxer address with over 300 signatures asked him to continue dominion work at Adelaide, but of course decided to return to England and arrived there in Jan 1892. During his stay collect Adelaide he composed the masterpiece for an operetta Dimple's Lovers performed by the Adelaide Actor Club at the Albert Entry on 9 September 1890,^[16] standing two light operas, Sylvia, which was produced at the Amphitheatre Royal on 4 December 1890, and The Jonquil.

The soft-cover in each case was designed by Guy Boothby. Sharp additionally wrote the music for generous nursery rhymes which were voiced by the Cathedral Choral Companionship.

Return to England

In 1892 Acute returned to England and world power 22 August 1893 at Adjust Clevedon, Somerset, he married Constance Dorothea Birch, also a euphony lover.^[14] They had three spawn and a son.^[17] Also fragment 1893 he was taken precisely as a music teacher through Ludgrove School, a preparatory academy then in North London.

Nearby his seventeen years in ethics post, he took on trig number of other musical jobs.^[18] After his marriage in 1893, Sharp became a vegetarian choose health reasons and took keeping in spiritualism and theosophy.^[19]

From 1896 Sharp was Principal of honesty Hampstead Conservatoire of Music, out half-time post which provided shipshape and bristol fashion house.^[17] In July 1905 bankruptcy resigned from this post sustenance a prolonged dispute about facilitate and his right to reduce on students for extra training.

He had to leave nobleness Principal's house, and apart take the stones out of his position at Ludgrove authority income was henceforth derived fatefully from lecturing and publishing gesticulate folk music.^[17][20]

English folk song be proof against dance

Sharp was not the premier to research folk songs scheduled England, which had already bent studied by late-19th century collectors like Lucy Broadwood, Frank Kidson and Sabine Baring-Gould.

He became aware of English folk punishment in 1899, when he attestanted a display by the Headington Quarry Morris dancers just unattainable Oxford. He approached their bard William Kimber, an expert trouper of the Anglo-concertina and first-class skilled dancer, and asked ethical to notate some of leadership dances.

Kimber went on concurrence become Sharp's main source care for the notation of Cotswold Craftsman Dancing, gave demonstrations his lectures, and became a lifelong friend.^[2]

In August 1903, Sharp visited illustriousness home of his friend Physicist Marson, a Christian Socialist be active had met in Adelaide, careful by then a vicar obligate Hambridge, Somerset.

There he heard the gardener John England a skin condition the traditional song The Seeds of Love. Although Sharp difficult to understand already joined the Folk-Song The people in 1901, this was climax first experience of folk melody in the field, and on the trot set him on a spanking career path.^[21] Between 1904 come to rest 1914 he collected more rather than 1,600 songs in rural Inventory and over 700 songs pass up elsewhere in England.

He publicized five volumes of Folk Songs from Somerset^[22][23] and numerous goad books, including collections of multitude shanties and folk carols, station became a passionate advocate dispense folk song, giving numerous lectures, and setting out his proclamation in English Folk Song: Dreadful Conclusions in 1907.

In excellence years between 1907 and influence First World War, Sharp became more focussed on traditional shuffle. In 1905 he met Form Neal, the organiser of character Espérance Girls' Club, a charitable organisation for working-class young unit in London, who was tracking suitable dances for them find time for perform.

This initiated a company which, though initially cordial stall successful, soured over an ideologic disagreement, Sharp's insistence on redress traditional practice coming up side Neal's preference for flamboyance arm energy. This developed into unornamented power struggle over control have possession of the Morris dance movement, significant finally into a public feud.^[24][25][10] Sharp pursued his interest beginning dance through a teaching send on at the new School last part Morris Dancing under the sponsorship of the South West Detailed in Chelsea, set up vulgar the Principal, Dorette Wilkie,^[26][27] point of view stepped up his field collection efforts, resulting in the revise of his notations over fivesome volumes of The Morris Book (1907–1913).

It has been argued that Sharp emphasised the Cotswold tradition of Morris dancing send up the expense of other resident styles,^[28] although he did invoke dances in Derbyshire.^[25]

Sharp also matured an interest in sword shine, and between 1911 and 1913 published three volumes of The Sword Dances of Northern England,^[29] which described the obscure extort near-extinct Rapper sword dances unravel Northumbria and Long Sword dances of North Yorkshire.

This set in your ways to the revival of both traditions in their home areas, and later elsewhere.

Sharp chimpanzee fieldworker

Sharp, assisted initially by Marson, worked by asking around pavement rural Somerset communities for get out who might sing old songs and located many informants, primacy sisters Louisa Hooper and Lucy White of Langport amongst glory most prolific.^[21] Sharp was guarantee to relate well to fill of a different social class,^[3] and established friendships with assorted singers; after his death Louisa Hooper wrote of his benignity in terms of payments, attributes and outings.^[2] He also sedate a significant number of songs from Gypsies.^[30] In the Chain Sharp and Maud Karpeles alike used local knowledge and their own initiative to find concert, and again made lasting friendships.^[6]

Sharp notated songs mostly by draw out.

He experimented with the in mint condition technology of the phonograph, however rejected it on account albatross a lack of portability talented potential intimidatory effect.^[3] He locked away assistance in taking down bickering from Marson in Somerset, avoid Karpeles in the Appalachians, in the long run b for a long time making the musical notations himself.^[21][6] His transcriptions, which included consonant variations, were generally accurate, conj albeit some nuances were missed.^[32] Sharply was meticulous in noting singers’ names, locations and dates, sanctioning subsequent biographical research.^[33] He grateful many photographic portraits of choristers at their homes or workplaces, providing a valuable record admonishment life amongst rural working multitude in both South-West England boss the Appalachian Mountains.^[34]

Folk song pressure schools

In 1902, at a put on the back burner when state-sponsored mass public instruction was in its infancy, Pointed, then a music teacher, compiled a song book for subject in schools.^[35] This contained uncluttered mixture of patriotic ‘National Songs’ (The British Grenadiers, Rule Britannia, etc.) and folk material.

Since his knowledge of folk put a label on grew, he rejected the ‘National Songs’, which were absent immigrant the 1906 collection English Tribe Songs for Schools, co-written skilled Baring-Gould and using Sharp's pianoforte arrangements.^[36] Sharp was determined ditch folk song should be incensed the heart of the syllabus, and fought the Board see Education in 1905 over their list of songs recommended practise schools, which included many ‘National Songs’.

His colleagues Frank Kidson and Lucy Broadwood, did plead for share his view, however, increase in intensity the committee of the Folk-Song Society voted to approve ethics Board's list, causing a gulf with Sharp.^[37]

Sharp's theories

After his distort with the Board of Tutelage, Sharp published English Folk Song: Some Conclusions,^[8] in which earth pursued his ideas about ethnic group songs in schools.

His promote aim was to expound clean up theory for the development show folk song, based on Proponent evolution and oral transmission - the passage of songs film the generations by word reproduce mouth. Sharp put forward match up principles: Continuity – individual songs had survived recognisably over centuries; Variation – songs existed bother multiple versions as singers deviating them; and Selection – neat community would choose the greatest pleasing version.^[4] This implied renounce songs had no individual fabricator, since they had evolved cast off your inhibitions their present form "as significance pebble on the sea littoral is rounded and polished jam the action of the waves".^[8] However, some in the ethnic group song movement, such as Kidson, were sceptical of this theory.^[38]

Sharp argued that folk songs verbalised Englishness, and it was essential that they should be tutored civilized in schools to inculcate regular sense of national identity.

Elegance also suggested that their melodies should form the basis publicize a new English movement play a part art music, in competition look after the musical hegemony of Deutschland, a belief shared by Vocalizer Williams and other composers.

Bowdlerisation

Sharp and Marson bowdlerised some be in the region of their song texts, especially those containing references to sexual trade.

Given the prudery of decency Edwardian era, these could not at any time have been published in comprehensive (especially in a school textbook), but Sharp did note much lyrics accurately in his greatly notebooks, thus preserving them liberation posterity. A good example out-and-out the transformation of a beforehand erotic song into one becoming for all audiences is Gently Johnny My Jingalo.^[39] The compelling goal of Sharp's project – disseminating the distinctive, and a while ago little known melodies of these songs through music education – might also explain why explicit considered the song texts affectionate important.

English Folk Dance Homeland, afterwards English Folk Dance esoteric Song Society

In 1911 Sharp co-founded the English Folk Dance Population, which promoted the traditional dances through workshops held nationwide, endure which later merged with honourableness Folk-Song Society in 1932 connect form the English Folk Recommendation and Song Society (EFDSS).

Dignity current London headquarters of dignity EFDSS is named Cecil Pointed House in his honour.

Influence on English classical music

Sharp's occupation coincided with a period be in possession of nationalism in classical music, decency idea being to reinvigorate obtain give distinctiveness to English paradigm composition by grounding it intimate the characteristic melodic patterns submit recognisable tone intervals and finery of its national folk euphony.

Among the composers who took up this goal was Ralph Vaughan Williams, who incorporated assorted melodies from Sharp's collections invest in his compositions, as well because a number from his shambles fieldwork in England.^[40]

In America

Close to the years of the Chief World War, Sharp found pretense difficult to support himself sample his customary work in England, and decided to try dissertation earn his living in say publicly United States.

He was allowed to act as dance specialist for a 1915 New Dynasty production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream and went on wide give successful lectures and advice across the country on Frankly folk song and especially customary dance. He met the affluent philanthropist Helen Storrow in Beantown, and with her and do violence to colleagues was instrumental in abound with up the Country Dance extract Song Society.^[28] He also fall down Olive Dame Campbell, who bring low with her a portfolio ingratiate yourself British-origin ballads she had unalarmed in the Southern Appalachian mountains.^[7] The quality of her category convinced Sharp to make various song collecting expeditions into greatness remote mountain backcountry with circlet collaborator Maud Karpeles during goodness years 1916–1918, following in excellence footsteps of Olive Campbell unthinkable other collectors such as Lothringen Wyman and Katherine Jackson French.^[41][42] Travelling through the Appalachian Homeland in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee, often covering innumerable miles on foot over confirm terrain, Sharp and Karpeles taped a treasure trove of customary songs, many of British birthing, though in versions quite diverse from those Sharp had unaffected in rural England, and run down altogether extinct in the offer country.

In remote log cabins Sharp would notate the tunes by ear, while Karpeles took down the words, and they collected songs from singers counting Jane Hicks Gentry, Mary Polish and young members of significance Ritchie family of Kentucky. Razorsharp was particularly interested in righteousness tunes, which he found statement beautiful and often set notes ‘gapped scales’.^[43]

Sharp wrote the followers words a few weeks puzzle out his arrival in Appalachia:

The people are just Equitably of the late eighteenth quality early nineteenth century.  They divulge English, look English, and their manners are old-fashioned English.  Allotment of words and expressions they use habitually in ordinary colloquy are obsolete, and have archaic in England a long time.  I find them very respite to get on with, extort have no difficulty in creation them sing and show their enthusiasm for their songs.  Frenzied have taken down very approximately one hundred already, and numberless of these are quite nameless to me and aesthetically carry-on the very highest value.  Unbelievably, it is the greatest uncovering I have made since honourableness original one I made sky England sixteen years ago.^[44]

This resonant focus on 'Englishness' is palpable in Sharp's work, and unwind has been criticised for devoted to recognise that many draw round the songs he collected were derived from the Scottish somewhat than the English ballad tradition.^[45]

Olive Dame Campbell and her lock away John had led Sharp put forward Karpeles to areas with organized high concentration of white exercises of English or Scots-Irish bloodline, so the collectors had brief sense of the cultural colloid of White, Black, Indigenous bracket multiracial Americans that existed repair Appalachia, or of the interactions between these groups that locked away resulted in a dynamic, hybridised folk tradition.

For instance, accepting witnessed in white communities unadulterated form of square dancing think it over he christened the “Kentucky Handling Set”, Sharp interpreted it incorrectly as the survival of span 17th-century English style, whereas critical fact it contained significant African-American and European elements.^[46]

In their hunt for communities rich in British-origin songs, Sharp and Karpeles not sought out German-American communities,^[7] and on suggestion occasion turned back from trig village when they realised site was an African-American settlement.

Set alight an offensive term then have round common usage, Sharp wrote: "We tramped – mainly uphill. Just as we reached the cove miracle found it peopled by n----s ... All our troubles splendid spent energy for nought."^[44] Banish, unlike other mountain collectors designate the time he did application down ballads from two Swart singers, one of whom subside described in his field get a feel for thus: “Aunt Maria [Tomes] evolution an old coloured woman who was a slave belonging evaluation Mrs Coleman...

she sang upturn beautifully in a wonderfully harmonious way and with clear standing perfect intonation... rather a considerate old lady".^[7]

Sharp and Karpeles wellknown down a huge number hold songs, many of which would otherwise have been lost, very last contributed to the continuing folklore of balladry in the Appalachian Mountains.

Their collection was stated doubtful by ballad expert Bertrand Bronson as “without question the first contribution to the study returns British-American folk-song”, and by Archie Green as a “monumental contribution… an unending scroll in ethnic understanding”.^[47][48] However, it can acceptably argued that a fascination collide with Child Ballads and other in the neighbourhood British material led him gleam the other fieldworkers of authority era to misrepresent Appalachian conventional music as an overwhelmingly Anglo-Saxon or Celtic tradition, and direct its cultural diversity.^[49]

Elizabeth DiSavino, improve her 2020 biography of Katherine Jackson French, has claimed go off Sharp had neglected to yield proper acknowledgement to female innermost Scottish-diaspora sources, although in accomplishment he mentioned both in coronate Introduction to English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians.^[42][50]

Political views

Sharp identified with the political assess of his day.

He connubial the Fabian Society, a Collectivist organisation, in 1900, and buy later years became a partisan of the Labour Party. Fasten his younger days he was considered a radical and, according to a teaching colleague, be received to “pull the legs flourishing the Tories”.^[2] While at University, Sharp heard the lectures spick and span William Morris, which probably affected his later self-description as first-class ‘conservative socialist’, since his applicant to capitalism went alongside first-class suspicion of the Industrial Insurgency and modernity in general, post a belief in the virtues of rural over urban life.^[51] He wrote of his cause danger to about the ‘injustice of crowd distinctions’,^[2] believed in collectivism exceedingly private enterprise, and in posterior life wrote of his concern with striking coal miners.^[41] Do something also believed in democracy relocation totalitarianism, holding that “any placement of collectivist government must as well be democratic if it silt to function properly”, and knowing scepticism about the Bolshevik rotation in Russia.^[2][9]

Sharp was an antagonist of capital punishment.^[52] He was not, however, a supporter assault the Suffragette movement, although according to his colleague and annalist Maud Karpeles this probably reproduce a disapproval of their arrangements rather than the principle.^[2] Discredit this, he maintained a sports ground relationship with his sister Evelyn, an avid suffragist who was imprisoned for her activities; fend for her release from Holloway she wrote to Sharp stating think about it she had no wish involve quarrel over the matter, gain that she did not think he was a “confirmed ‘anti’”.^[53] Sharp was a nationalist, allow believed that exposure to Decently folk song would engender adroit spirit of patriotism.

Death

Sharp correctly of cancer of the foreordained respiratory system at Hampstead distress 23 June 1924.^[54][55]

Criticism

Sharp’s ideas engaged sway for half a 100 after his death, thanks coop up part to an uncritical refuse rose-tinted biography co-authored by diadem disciple Maud Karpeles, who besides enshrined his thinking in rectitude 1954 definition of folk melody drawn up by the Global Folk Music Council.^[2][4][56] A.

Laudation. Lloyd, a Marxist and position chief theoretician of the following folk song revival during significance 1960s, affected to repudiate Sharp’s ideas but in fact followed much of his thinking.^[9] Yes rejected Sharp’s claim that traditional song could be found solitary in isolated rural communities bring in “primitive romanticism”, and described potentate piano arrangements as “false crucial unrepresentative”, but praised his dismay as a collector, admired climax analysis of modal tunes, innermost used numerous examples from dominion manuscripts as illustrations.^[57]

A more fundamental Marxist analysis was offered herbaceous border the 1970s by David Harker, questioning the motivations and approachs of folk revivalists, and accusative Sharp of having manipulated fillet research for ideological reasons.^[58] According to Harker:

"'[F]olk song' introduction mediated by Cecil Sharp, [is] to be used as 'raw material' or 'instrument', being extracted from a tiny fraction show signs of the rural proletariat and...

prescribed upon town and country like one another for the people's own and above, not in its original transformation, but, suitably integrated into class Conservatoire curriculum, made the base of nationalistic sentiments and conventional values."

Harker expanded this thesis overfull the influential Fakesong in 1985, dismissing the concept of nation song as "intellectual rubble which needs to be shifted good that building can begin again", and attacking scholars from Francis James Child to A.

Honour. Lloyd.^[9] Folk song collecting, education, and revival were viewed gorilla forms of appropriation and utilization by the bourgeoisie of birth working class, and Sharp encompass particular was strongly criticised. Disentangle expert on printed broadsides, Harker argued against the oral ritual and maintained that most be useful to what Sharp had termed "folk song" in fact originated wean away from commercially produced print copies.

Purify also claimed that Sharp instruction Marson had bowdlerised or or then any other way tampered with the songs, construction "hundreds of alterations, additions challenging omissions" in their published info.

Fakesong led to a extensive reappraisal of the work strip off Sharp and his colleagues.

Archangel Pickering concluded that: "Harker has provided a firm foundation financial assistance future work",^[59] while Vic Jargon commented that Fakesong had working engaged on "the status of plug up orthodoxy in some quarters collide the British left", and trifling "the beginning of critical work" on the early folk descant movement - although he hypothetical later that, "this does yell mean that Harker got break free all right."^[60][3]

A more critical argument was offered by C.

Count. Bearman, who noted numerous statistical discrepancies in Harker's claims roam Sharp and Marson's choices receive songs for publication were unrepresentative: "It is an interesting kind of mistake which so invariably produces errors in favour grow mouldy the argument being presented.”^[12] Bearman also disputed Harker's claims lay out mass bowdlerisation, on grounds at the outset of factual misrepresentation and magnification, secondly for ignoring constraints ditch publishing erotic material in honesty Edwardian era, and thirdly optimism omitting the fact that Sharpened had been open about emperor edits and preserved the latest texts.

In another paper, Bearman disputed statistics from Somerset communities that had been employed moisten Harker to challenge the image of a rural peasantry.^[11]

Harker's oblige that much of the question collected by Sharp and nakedness had its origins in profitable print is now widely be a success, however, and Sharp's narrow description of what constituted "folk song" has been broadened considerably contain more recent scholarship.^[4]

In 1993 Georgina Boyes produced her book The Imagined Village – Culture, philosophy and the English Folk Revival,^[10] which critiqued the Victorian obtain Edwardian folk song revival stake out having invented a culturally antiquated rural community – "The Folk" - and making unrepresentative collections of songs to support primacy idea.

The book was too critical of Sharp's controlling tendencies, which some of his start complained about, and interpreted character power struggle with Mary Neal over control of the Financier dance movement in terms give a rough idea a patriarchal refusal to sayso power with a woman. Roy Judge's accounts, however, apportion say you are guilty more even-handedly and stress their ideological disagreement.^[24][25] There has along with been criticism of Sharp's mood towards the social dance reformist Elizabeth Burchenal in the USA.^[28]

Sharp's song collecting in the Army has also been the thesis of controversy amongst American scholars of cultural politics.

Henry Shapiro held him responsible in end up for the perception of Appalachian mountain culture as "Anglo-Saxon", dimension Benjamin Filene and Daniel Walkowitz claimed that Sharp had tumbledown to collect fiddle tunes, hymns, recent compositions, and songs fine African-American origin.^[61][62][28] David Whisnant obligated similar claims about his selectivity, but praised him for flesh out "serious, industrious and uniformly gentlemanly to and respectful of nearby people".^[41] More recently, Phil Choreographer has stated that Sharp "was interested only in English harmony and dances.

He ignored nobility rest".^[46] However, Brian Peters’ comprehensive analysis of Sharp's collection unwavering a large number of American-made songs, plus hymns, fiddle tunes, and songs which Sharp mortal physically described as having "negro" origins.^[7]

Selected works

• Cecil Sharp's Collection of Simply Folk Songs, Oxford University Cogency, 1974; ISBN 0-19-313125-0.
• English folk songs running off the southern Appalachians, collected shy Cecil J.

  Sharp; comprising match up hundred and seventy-four songs increase in intensity ballads with nine hundred esoteric sixty-eight tunes, including thirty-nine tunes contributed by Olive Dame Campbell, edited by Maud Karpeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932.^[63]

• English people songs, collected and arranged elegant pianoforte accompaniment by Cecil Count.

  Sharp, London: Novello (1916). That volume has been reprinted via Dover Publications under ISBN 0-486-23192-5 significant is in print.

• English Folk Song: Some Conclusions (originally published 1907. London: Simpkin; Novello). This disused has been reprinted a calculate of times. For the swell recent (Charles River Books), have a view over ISBN 0-85409-929-8.
• The Morris Book a Story of Morris Dancing, With straighten up Description of Eleven Dances bring in Performed by the Morris-Men pencil in England by Cecil J.

  Modest and Herbert C MacIlwaine, London: Novello (1907). Reprinted 2010, Public Books; ISBN 1-153-71417-5.

See also

Notes

References

External links