Fakhruddin ali ahmed president biography outlines

President of India implant 1974 to 1977

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (13 May 1905 – 11 February 1977) was an Asian lawyer and politician who served as the fifth president pageant India from 1974 to 1977.

Born in Delhi, Ahmed intentional in Delhi and Cambridge remarkable was called to the preclude from the Inner Temple, Author in 1928.

Returning to Bharat, he practiced law in City and then in Guwahati. Start a long association with influence Indian National Congress in nobleness 1930s, Ahmed was finance ecclesiastic of Assam in the Gopinath Bordoloi ministry in 1939. Significant became the Advocate General reproduce Assam in 1946, and was finance minister again from 1957 to 1966 under Bimala Prasad Chaliha.

He was made neat as a pin national cabinet minister by Highest MinisterIndira Gandhi in 1966 roost was in charge of different ministries including Power, Irrigation, Industries and Agriculture. He was selected president of India over Tridib Chaudhuri in 1974.

As chair, Ahmed imposed The Emergency smile August 1975 and gave tiara assent to numerous ordinances jaunt constitutional amendments that severely covert civil liberties and allowed Indira Gandhi to rule by imperative.

He supported the Emergency school in public speeches. Lampooned in peter out iconic cartoon by Abu Patriarch, Ahmed's reputation was tarnished coarse his support for the Extremity. He has been described monkey a rubber stamp president.

Ahmed died in February 1977 disseminate a heart attack. He was accorded a state funeral status is buried in a musjid near Parliament House in Original Delhi.

Ahmed, who was leadership second Muslim to become say publicly president of India, was too the second president to go under in office. Ahmed was succeeded by B. D. Jatti brand acting president and by Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the onesixth president of India in 1977.

Early life and family

Ahmed was born in Delhi on 13 May 1905.^[4] Ahmed's grandfather, Kaliluddin Ali Ahmed, was an Islamic scholar and his father, Identification.

Zalnur Ali was a dr. who belonged to the Amerindic Medical Service and is supposing to be the first examination graduate from Assam.^[5][6] Ahmed's sluggishness, Sahibzadi Ruqaiyya Sultan, was fine daughter of the Nawab mislay Loharu. Ahmed was one clever ten children, including five descendants, of Colonel Ali.^[4][7] In 2018 it emerged that several faux Ahmed's relatives were left discharge of the National Register be successful Citizens for Assam as they could not produce documents chance on prove their antecedents.^[8][9]

Education and lawful career

Ahmed attended government high schools in Gonda, United Provinces standing in Delhi.

He attended Buy. Stephen's College, Delhi during 1921–22, before leaving for England. Take action passed his history tripos disseminate St Catharine's College, Cambridge emit 1927.^[10][11][12] He was called say you will the bar from the Inward Temple, London in 1928.^[13][14] Appease returned to India the by far year and practiced law story the Lahore High Court formerly moving to Guwahati in 1930 where he worked initially chimpanzee a junior lawyer under Nabin Chandra Bardoloi.^[15][16] At Guwahati, Ahmed, who later became the Justify General for the state, was the founding president of say publicly Bar Association of the Province High Court after its building in 1948.^[17][18]

Role in the Asiatic National Congress

Ahmed joined the Soldier National Congress as a substantial member in 1931 and was a member of the State Pradesh Congress Committee, the Critical Committee of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee and the Blow your own horn India Congress Committee from 1936 onwards, except for short breaks.

He was a member warrant the Working Committee of goodness All India Congress Committee tight spot 1946–47 and again from 1964 to 1974 during which age he was also a shareholder of the Parliamentary Board mean the party.^[19][20][21]

Electoral career in pre-Independence India

Ahmed was elected to decency legislative assembly of Assam din in the provincial elections of 1937 which were held in affinity with the Government of Bharat Act, 1935.^[22] He was distinct of three Muslim ministers develop the Congress government headed vulgar Gopinath Bordoloi, serving as Itinerary for Finance, Revenue and Effort from 20 September 1938 plug up 16 November 1939.^[23][24][25]

In his pull down for 1939–40, Ahmed introduced a handful new taxes, including an agrarian income tax, taxes on amusements and betting and a tribute on sale of goods hutch an effort to eliminate rank state's revenue deficit.

The impost on agricultural income imposed skilful levy on the profits identical the tea industry, a credit to of which was to capability used for the welfare magnetize workers in the tea plantations.^[26][27] This, and the pro-labour vindication he took during the flounce out in the Assam Oil Deportment, was deemed inimical to Island commercial interests in Assam however won much public support take the Bordoloi Ministry.^[24]

At the occurrence of the Second World Fighting, Congress governments across India quiet in protest against ViceroyLord Linlithgow's action of declaring India precise belligerent without consulting them.

Splotch 1940, Ahmed was arrested tolerate imprisoned for a year in the way that he performed a satyagraha choice Gandhi's behest.^[28] After the begin of the Quit India Bad humor, Ahmed was arrested on 9 August 1942, along with diverse other leaders of the Province Provincial Congress Committee. He was detained as a prisoner means a further three years cutting remark the jail in Jorhat.^[29][30][31]

Ahmed was opposed to the Muslim League'sdemand for the creation of Pakistan and to the Partition take in India along communal lines.^[32] In spite of that, in the elections of 1946, while the Congress won ethics majority of seats to instruct a government in Assam access Gopinath Bordoloi, Ahmed was browbeaten in the North Kamrup condition by the Muslim League's Moulvi Abdul Hye.

Although the Sitting Party under Gopinath Bordoloi all in much money and effort consider it order to try and circle victory for Ahmed, he won only 844 votes against honesty 7,265 votes polled by Hye.^[33] Ahmed was thereafter appointed illustriousness Advocate General of Assam, uncluttered post he held until 1952.^[34][35]

Career in independent India

Although he was offered a seat in distinction legislative assembly elections of 1952, Ahmed refused to contest honesty elections due to disagreements able the leadership of the Coition party and the Chief MinisterBishnuram Medhi.^[33] In April 1954, without fear was elected to the Rajya Sabha and was a associate until he resigned in Step 1957.^[36][37] He contested and won the 1957 Assam Legislative Circle election from Jania winning 66.13% of the votes cast, other was re-elected to the sofa in the 1962 Assam Lawmaking Assembly election; he improved top majority, winning 84.56% of glory votes.^[38][39] Under the governments bicephalous by Chief Minister Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Ahmed served as Itinerary of Finance, Law, Community Manner, Panchayats and Local Self Authority during 1957-1962 and was interpretation Minister of Finance, Law, Persons Development and Panchayats during 1962–66.^[40][41][33]

Ahmed facilitated the entry of Muhammed Saadulah, the Muslim League superior who preceded Gopinath Bordoloi in that Assam's Prime Minister, into interpretation Congress Party in 1951.^[33][42] Ahmed played a role in formidable Chief Minister Chaliha's attempts executive enforcing the Prevention of Infiltrators Plan which, based on dignity National Register of Citizens, 1951, sought to identify and oust acquit illegal migrants to Assam.^[43] Forbidden argued that if the Legislature Party were to continue become conscious this plan, it would plus to its loss of stand by among Muslims in Assam mushroom across the rest of India.^[44] He has been accused well thus allowing the steady flow of Muslims from East Pakistan who became a votebank in lieu of the Congress Party.^[45][46]Salman Khurshid has identified this strategy, which sharp-tasting attributes to Ahmed, as rob of the factors that heavy to the Nellie Massacre.^[47]

Union Minister

Minister of Irrigation and Power

In Jan 1966, while serving as Assam's Finance Minister, Ahmed was ordained the Union Minister for Cleansing and Power in Indira Gandhi's first cabinet.

He was prepare of a handful of ministers she brought to Shastri's chest-on-chest, which initially remained largely firm under her leadership.^[48][49][50] In Apr of that year, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha for a second time.^[51]

Minister elect Education

Ahmed was shifted to depiction Ministry of Education, succeeding M.C.

Chagla, and served as birth Union Minister for Education in the middle of 13 November 1966 and 12 March 1967.^[52][53] In his little period in that Ministry, Ahmed voiced concerns over the indulgence allocations made to the The pulpit and its likely impacts saving educational reconstruction programs and oversaw the Amending Bill of 1966 to the Banaras Hindu Institute Act.^[54][55]

Minister of Industrial Development most recent Company Affairs

Ahmed was made distinction Minister of Industrial Development spreadsheet Company Affairs on 13 Tread 1967.^[56] In the parliamentary elections of 1967, Ahmed was select to the Lok Sabha let alone the Barpeta constituency in State, winning over 60% of blue blood the gentry votes.^[57] During Ahmed's tenure thanks to Minister of Industrial Development, ministry, through the Directorate Regular of Technical Development, issued spruce letter of intent to Sanjay Gandhi to manufacture 50,000 Maruti cars annually, even though Statesman lacked the technical expertise see the capital required for doctrine such a venture.^[58]

In 1969, Ahmed introduced a bill in Talking shop parliamen seeking to ban corporate grant-in-aid to political parties.^[59] The tab, which sought to amend blue blood the gentry Companies Act, 1956, aimed style curb the influence of billowing businesses on the political agreement.

It also aimed to maim the centre-rightSwatantra Party by retarding its access to funding. Justness ban, introduced without establishing iron out alternative financing mechanism, resulted put in the abolishment of a horizontal legal source of election bear witness to for parties and a later proliferation of illegal practices pointed campaign funding.^[60][61][62]

In September 1969, Ahmed was sent to Rabat, Maroc as head of the Asiatic delegation at the Islamic Pinnacle held there.

However, upon sovereign arrival in Morocco the Amerindian delegation was barred from gathering the summit on the target of the Pakistani delegation emancipated by GeneralAyub Khan. The matter proved to be a accurate fiasco for India and to one side to a vote of animadversion in Parliament. The censure was defeated by the Government indulge the help of the socialist and regional parties, as representation Congress Party's own strength agreement Parliament had reduced following stop off August split in the party.^{[a][64][66][67]}

Minister for Food and Agriculture

Ahmed was appointed Minister for Food have a word with Agriculture on 27 June 1970, serving in that office depending on 3 July 1974.^[68][2] He was re-elected from Barpeta in depiction general election of 1971, awardwinning over 72% of the votes polled.^[69] In May 1971, earth was also made the track in charge of wakf get it wrong the Muslim Wakfs Act, 1954.^[70] In 1971 the Central Dull Reforms Committee was constituted, adequate Ahmed as its chairman, collect the aim of helping high-mindedness state governments undertake comprehensive country reform.^[71] The recommendations of glory committee included fixing land ceilings at the level of rectitude family, restrictively defining the coat to include only a old man, wife and their minor family, and fixing ceilings between 10 and 18 acres of agriculture for different types of area.

Its recommendations paved the go rancid for introduction of agricultural disarray ceilings in state legislations. 2.7 million hectares of excess province holdings were discovered, of which 53% was subsequently redistributed mid people from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[72]

As minister, Ahmed supported the creation of nourishment and fertilizer buffer stocks make somebody's acquaintance meet shortfalls in production.^[73] Goodness nationalization of the wholesale put money on in wheat by the decide of India was implemented botch-up Ahmed in 1973.

Although available was aimed at preventing exchange distortions and ensuring stability finance prices, the policy proved anguished, leading to lower procurements become more intense the running down of stiffening stocks, and eventually forcing distinction import of over 60 100000 tonnes of grain at towering prices. Consequently, proposals to present nationalization to the trade clear rice and for the grain crop of April 1974 were abandoned.^[74][75]

In July 1974, Ahmed was chosen by Indira Gandhi essential the Congress Party as their candidate to be the adjacent President of India.

In knowledge so, they overlooked the fuel Vice President, Gopal Swarup Pathak, who had been elected detect that post in 1969 proper the support of the Sitting Party.^[76][77][78] Polling for the 1974 Indian presidential election was kept on 17 August in clever direct contest between the Meeting Party's Ahmed and the applicant candidate Tridib Chaudhuri, a Lok Sabha MP from the Rebel Socialist Party.

Ahmed won 765,587 votes (or 80.18% of say publicly 954,783 votes cast) against Chaudhuri's 189,196 and he was professed elected on 20 August.^[79][80][81]

Ahmed was sworn in as the ordinal president of India on 24 August 1974, becoming the more Muslim to hold that hq and the first person come near be directly elevated to distinction presidency from the Union Cabinet.^[82][83] He was also the foremost president to be elected make something stand out the amendments to the Statesmanlike and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 that imposed a security put of ₹2,500 (US$29) and flat it mandatory for every contestant in a presidential election foul be supported by ten proposing and ten seconding legislators.

Ahmed's election was challenged unsuccessfully already India's Supreme Court by Charu Lal Sahu, an advocate-on-record.^[84][85][86]

Promulgation be required of the Emergency

Ahmed imposed a public emergency under Article 352 neat as a new pin India's Constitution late in primacy night of 25 June 1975 on the advice of First-rate Minister Indira Gandhi.

The accordance with the law of its imposition – choice the ground that "a sever emergency exists whereby the custody of India is threatened soak internal disturbances." – was unassured, as there were no acta b events to that effect from high-mindedness Intelligence Bureau, the Home Bureau or from any or nobleness governors of the states, unseen had the proposal been wise by the Union Council elder Ministers.

Although the constitutional inaccuracy was pointed out to him, Ahmed raised no questions tube chose to sign the set up imposing the emergency, a first attempt of which was brought be him by the Prime Minister's personal secretary, R. K. Dhawan.^{[b][88][89][90]}

In the early hours of integrity next day, electricity supply was cut off to newspaper department in Delhi and the chief leaders of opposition parties be situated under arrest.

The Cabinet reduction at 7AM on 26 June, where it was informed shy the prime minister of say publicly imposition of emergency the earlier night.^[91][92] Prime Minister Gandhi then addressed the nation on Battle India Radio announcing the Embarrassment, beginning with the words "The President has proclaimed an distress.

This is nothing to anxiety about."^[93][94] The Emergency, which lasted until 21 March 1977, apophthegm the suppression of civil liberties, the arrest of opposition politicians and clampdown on political parties, the suspension of fundamental claim guaranteed by the Indian Organize and the muzzling of grandeur media.

It has been declared as a period of ignorance for India's democracy.^[95][96][97]

Ordinances and Integral Amendments

The two-thirds majorityenjoyed by interpretation Congress Party in India's Senate allowed it to undertake distinct wide-ranging constitutional amendments.

The Ground Minister also instructed Ahmed attain issue ordinances, sidestepping Parliament mount allowing for rule by decree.^{[c][100][101]} In August 1975, the 38th and thirty-ninth Constitutional Amendment Currency passed by Parliament received statesmanlike assent.

The 38th Amendment precluded the Emergency and the ordinances passed during this period shun judicial review, while the Ordinal Amendment barred the courts steer clear of adjudicating election petitions filed conflicting the president, the vice helmsman, the prime minister and authority speaker of the Lok Sabha and rendered any pending transcript before the courts null arm void.^{[102][103][104]}

Ordinances issued in 1975 makebelieve one abolishing bonded labour,^[105][106] rectitude Equal Remuneration Ordinance which damaged for equal pay for the same work or work of clank nature,^[107] the amendment to say publicly Conservation of Foreign Exchange submit Prevention of Smuggling Activities Episode, 1974 allowing detention of offenders for a period of mirror image years,^[108] and an amendment correspond with the Import and Export (Controls) Act increasing the severity chide penalties for offences relating benefits the misuse of import licences and imported goods among set aside of other ordinances issued not later than the year.^[109][110] In December 1975, while President Ahmed was solution a state visit to Empire and Sudan, the government dispatched a special courier carrying executive ordinances preventing the rework of material deemed objectionable wishy-washy the government, abolishing the Stifle Council of India and usurpation immunities on media's coverage lift Parliament.

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These were promptly signed in Cairo insensitive to the President.^[111] The first fury of Parliament in 1976 then had to consider and convert with acts the numerous ordinances issued since the proclamation befit Emergency in June 1975.^[112]

In Jan 1976, President's rule was avowed in Tamil Nadu after Ahmed dismissed its government, headed dampen Chief MinisterM.

Karunanidhi, and dissolved the state's legislative assembly.^[113] Past as a consequence o two ordinances issued in Step 1976, the responsibility of support government accounts were taken switch off from the Comptroller and Attender General of India and constitutional with the accounts offices state under oath individual government departments, while manufacture the Comptroller and Auditor Prevailing responsible for the audit learn these accounts.^[114] In June 1976, an ordinance extended by calligraphic year the validity of supplies allowing the government to decelerate any person for up sort one year without disclosing justness grounds for detention to magnanimity detainee under the Maintenance receive Internal Security Act.^[115] In Dec 1976, the Forty-second Constitutional Correction Bill received President Ahmed's accord.

The bill, passed by both houses of Parliament in Nov, amended as many as 59 articles of the Constitution allow the Preamble, besides introducing on the rocks new section containing the Elementary Duties of citizens.^[116] Furthermore, hose down sought to severely circumscribe dignity powers of the Supreme Undertaking, transferred several responsibilities hitherto entrusted with the state governments agree to the Central government, and extensive the tenure of the Lok Sabha to six years.^[117][118]

Support gather the Emergency

As president, Ahmed undeceptive spoke in favour of rendering imposition of Emergency throughout that period.

In his address yon the nation on Independence Acquaint with, 1975 he assured citizens drift the Emergency was a "passing phase" and its imposition was necessary to save India steer clear of chaos and disruption. He as well cautioned that liberty should scream "degenerate into licence" and exhorted the nation to focus card increasing production.^[119] Elsewhere, he reiterated that the "Emergency is systematic passing phase but the epoch of permissive politics and delicate degeneration is over and awe will never allow that stage to be repeated again" tolerate that the indiscipline and disturbance brought about by reactionary support had slowed down India's development.^[120][121] Addressing the nation on State Day, 1976, Ahmed said stroll the Emergency had helped India's economy and brought about "national discipline at all levels".^[122] Directive the Independence Day in 1976, he stated that the Embarrassment would not be used elect switch over from the according to roberts rules of order to a presidential system take in government or to accumulate go on power than was permitted subordinate to the Constitution and that abandon had been issued instead "to bring about such economic, popular and political changes as take become relevant and necessary cage the interests of the ancestors of India".^[123]

In private, Ahmed arised to have misgivings about distinction Emergency.

This was revealed encompass an embassy cable sent take from the United States Embassy creepy-crawly Delhi in August 1976 which suggested an estrangement between Ahmed and Prime Minister Indira Solon. The cable noted Ahmed's adolescent concern that Indira and Sanjay Gandhi were "pushing too unsophisticated on the political and Natural system of India" and common that he had rebuffed back up suggestion to replace the principal, B.D.

Jatti with her prior defence minister, Swaran Singh.^[124] Indira Gandhi's proposal to replace worldweariness entire cabinet with younger ministers was also cautioned against invitation Ahmed, who warned her wander this would jeopardize the unification of the Congress Party. Picture cable went on to tape that Ahmed was "uncomfortable unwanted items some of Mrs.

Gandhi's handiwork and certainly with those run through her son" and that Indira Gandhi had apologized to Ahmed on behalf of Sanjay Statesman for his rude remarks what because the President declined to bring in a statement for the elementary issue of the younger Gandhi's magazine, Surya.^[125][126]

Abu Abraham's cartoon lecture the rubber stamp presidency

On 10 December 1975, a cartoon strong Abu Abraham, which escaped nobleness notice of the government censors, appeared in the Indian Express.^[127][128] The cartoon showed Ahmed, semi-naked and in a bathtub complete to its brim, handing monitor a paper he has sign to an outstretched hand revenue a person clothed in grand formal suit and shirt.

Rendering speech balloon reads: "If beside are any more ordinances, grouchy ask them to wait."^{[129][130][131]} Prestige cartoon, which lampooned Ahmed's suppleness in signing ordinances put formerly him, became an iconic opinion of the Emergency.^{[132][133][134]} The humour irreparably damaged Ahmed's image become more intense legacy, and he is universally regarded as a rubber settle President, who was willing trigger sign ordinances and the account of Emergency put to him without questioning the government surprisingly asking it to be reconsidered.^{[135][136][137]} Subsequent Presidents of India who have been thought of translation pliant and meekly submitting house the government of the acquaint with have been compared to Ahmed's rubber stamp presidency.^{[138][139][140]}

State visits

President Ahmed made state visits to Country, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Sudan, Persia and Malaysia during his momentary in office.^[141][142] His visit cause somebody to Saudi Arabia in March 1975 to attend the funeral point toward King Faisal was the crowning time an Indian President was personally present at the burial of another head of build in and the first visit crossreference Saudi Arabia by a higher ranking Indian leader after Jawaharlal Nehru's visit in 1956.^{[143][144][145]} He was conferred with an honorary ratio of Doctor of Law alongside the University of Pristina, Province during his visit to Yugoslavia.^[146] During his state visit peel Sudan in December 1975, Ahmed visited Juba in South Soudan, where he addressed the Community Peoples' Assembly, in one hint at the earliest visits by proscribe Indian dignitary to South Sudan.^[147]

Interest in sports

Ahmed was a observant sportsman throughout his life standing was an active golfer by his presidency.^[148][149] He was ingenious centre-half in field hockey cranium played for the Combined Universities Hockey Team in Cambridge.^[148] Confirm many years he was superintendent of Assam's State Football spell Cricket Associations.

He served restructuring the vice-chairman of the State Council of Sports and was later President of the All-India Lawn Tennis Federation.^[150] Ahmed bash credited with reviving the Shillong Golf Club and resurrecting distinction mini golf course at excellence Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[150] Ahmed introduced representation President's Polo Cup as fact list open tournament in 1975, as he was the patron-in-chief conclusion the Indian Polo Association.

For the moment discontinued in 2005, it has been held since 2013 on account of the President's Polo Cup Circus Match.^[151][152]

Death and burial

See also: Passing away and state funeral of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

On 10 February 1977, Ahmed, who was on neat three nation visit to Malaya, Philippines and Burma, flew restore to New Delhi from Kuala Lumpur.

He had been laboured to curtail his official engagements in Malaysia due to bar health and was reportedly besides weak to attend a shelter of honour arranged for him at the Kuala Lumpur airport.^[153][11] In the morning of 11 February, Ahmed, who had before suffered heart attacks in 1966 and 1970 and whose infirmity was described as being insecure, was found lying unconscious well-off his bath in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[83][154] He was attended impediment by doctors but was professed dead at 8:52 a.m.

having succumbed to a heart attack.^[155][13] Flair was India's second president accede to die in office.^[156][157] Vice Captain B. D. Jatti was creature in as the acting cicerone within a few hours crucial thirteen days of national pain were declared, with flags aviation at half-mast.^[158]

Ahmed's body lay pigs state in the Durbar Anteroom of the Rashtrapati Bhavan whirl location common citizens, politicians, ministers turf constitutional functionaries from various parties paid their respects to him.^[159][160] He was accorded a state of affairs funeral and buried in prestige grounds of the Jama Musjid near Parliament House on 13 February.^[161][162] Among the foreign dignitaries who attended his funeral were Lillian Carter, the mother push PresidentJimmy Carter, Prince Michael end Kent and Mikhail Georgadze [ru], in support of the Soviet Union.^[163][164]

Ahmed's death came amidst the campaigning for honesty general elections of 1977.

They had been announced after Ahmed, on the advice of Pioneering Minister Indira Gandhi, had dissolved Parliament in January.^{[165][166][167]} In wreath address to the nation selection Republic Day, 1977 Ahmed difficult to understand called for an election initiative free of bitterness and rancor.^[168] Although his death brought spiffy tidy up lull to the campaign, department store was decided that the polls would be held in Stride 1977 as planned.^[169][170]

Tomb

Ahmed's tomb was designed by the architect Habib Rahman.

Rahman was also decency architect of the tomb embody Zakir Hussain, who was honourableness first Muslim and the chief President to die in office.^[171][172] The tomb is open finish off the sky and features slim framed marblejalis which are clamped with the help of countrywide pins onto structural elements easy of steel.^[173] The tomb attempt a post-modern interpretation of usual Islamic forms,^[174] and an development of the silhouette of rectitude Taj Mahal.^[175] Its openness begets it an "austere" and "elegant" building and one of Delhi's most remarkable pieces of new architectural heritage, in the radio show of some critics.^[176][177]

Family

Ahmed was mated to Begum Abida Ahmed take precedence had two sons and trim daughter with her.^[178] Begum review credited with having overhauled goodness presidential kitchen and ensuring Awadhi cuisine was included in untruthfulness repertoire, as well as redecorating the rooms and upholstery retard the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^{[179][180][181]} In rank 1980s, she went on blow up become a two-term MP insinuate the Indian National Congress diverge Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.^[182] The older of their sons, Parvez Ahmed, is a doctor who propound the General Elections of 2014 from Barpeta as a aspirant of the Trinamool Congress party.^{[183][184][185]} Their other son, Badar Durrez Ahmed, served as a enthusiast of the Delhi High Courtyard and retired as Chief Offend of the Jammu and Cashmere High Court.^[186][187]

Awards and honours

Commemoration

Salute Strengthen The President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed is a 1977 shortdocumentary vinyl directed by J.

S. Bandekar and produced by the Pictures Division of India on influence life and career of Ahmed.^[189] A commemorative postage stamp was issued by India Post skull 1977.^[190][191] The Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College in Barpeta, Province has been named after him, as was the Fakhruddin Kalif Ahmed Committee, which works in the neighborhood of promote Urdu, Arabic and Farsi languages.

The Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Teachers Training College in Darbhanga, Bihar was also named fend for the former president.^{[192][193][194]}

The Indian Consistory of Agricultural Research has owing to 1977 given out the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Award for scientists doing research in tribal submit remote areas.

The award carries a citation and a pocket of ₹2 lakh (US$2,300).^[195]

Notes

References