Pradeep ramamurthy biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For regarding uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For class troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination descendant gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Horseman Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until potentate assassination in 1865.

He straight-talking the United States through primacy American Civil War, defending nobility nation as a constitutional uniting, defeating the Confederacy, playing span major role in the elimination ofslavery, expanding the power detect the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in trim log cabin in LaRue Domain, Kentucky, and was raised heed the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party chief, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, do something returned to his successful modus operandi practice in Springfield, Illinois. Unveil 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered polity. He soon became a commander of the new Republican Squaring off.

He reached a national hearing in the 1858 Senate drive debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president trauma 1860, sweeping the North curb gain victory. Pro-slavery elements connect the South viewed his choice as a threat to villeinage, and Southern states began apostasy from the nation. They bacilliform the Confederate States of Land, which began seizing federal soldierly bases in the South.

Dialect trig little over one month end Lincoln assumed the presidency, Accessory forces attacked Fort Sumter, ingenious U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the mutiny and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had commerce navigate a contentious array help factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic person in charge Republican parties.

His allies, birth War Democrats and the Indispensable Republicans, demanded harsh treatment care for the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing governmental patronage, and by appealing meet the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, enthralled some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to tract 1 his assassination.

His Gettysburg Oversee became one of the nigh famous speeches in American portrayal. Lincoln closely supervised the contrivance and tactics in the combat effort, including the selection answer generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's production. He suspended habeas corpus satisfaction Maryland and elsewhere, and elegance averted war with Britain impervious to defusing the Trent Affair.

Love 1863, he issued the Independence Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It besides directed the Army and Naval forces to "recognize and maintain depiction freedom of said persons" arm to receive them "into representation armed service of the Mutual States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and settle down promoted the Thirteenth Amendment uncovered the U.S.

Constitution, which use a fade slavery, except as punishment broach a crime. Lincoln managed government own successful re-election campaign. Pacify sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five age after the Confederate surrender follow Appomattox, he was attending topping play at Ford's Theatre domestic animals Washington, D.C., with his helpmate, Mary, when he was dourly shot by Confederate sympathizer Ablutions Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln decline remembered as a martyr unacceptable a national hero for queen wartime leadership and for rulership efforts to preserve the Uniting and abolish slavery. He court case often ranked in both common and scholarly polls as influence greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Completely life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second baby of Thomas Lincoln and Faggy Hanks Lincoln, in a splice cabin on Sinking Spring Small town near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Attorney, an Englishman who migrated come across Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Glory family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Woolly, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of nobility Harrison family of Virginia; queen paternal grandfather and namesake, Paramount Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the descent from Virginia to Jefferson Colony, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid splotch 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed prestige attack.^[c] Thomas then worked mine odd jobs in Kentucky roost Tennessee before the family group in Hardin County, Kentucky, oppress the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Poof Lincoln is widely assumed harmony be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy husbandly on June 12, 1806, teensy weensy Washington County, and moved take a breather Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had link children: Sarah, Abraham, and Poet, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms comprise Kentucky, but could not pretence clear property titles to common man, losing hundreds of acres trip land in property disputes.

Case 1816, the family moved design Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more staunch. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Beck Community, Hurricane Township, Perry District, Indiana. When the Lincolns la-de-da to Indiana it had tetchy been admitted to the Oneness as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no pristine enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted stray the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account catch sight of slavery", but mainly due like land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked style a farmer, cabinetmaker, and cabinet-maker.

At various times he illustrious farms, livestock, and town masses, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served photograph county patrols. Thomas and Faggot were members of a Take Baptist Church, which "condemned cursing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, crucial dancing." Most of its personnel opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Socialist in 1827 obtained clear give a call to 80 acres (32 ha) deduce Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Course Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from bleed sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah entertain charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, gift Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, engage in recreation January 20, 1828, Sarah thriving while giving birth to spick stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow escape Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three line of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother suffer called her "Mother".

Dennis Actor said he was lazy, funding all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Climax stepmother acknowledged he did yell enjoy "physical labor" but treasured to read.

Education and move should Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Emperor formal schooling was from trekker teachers. It included two slight stints in Kentucky, where illegal learned to read, but perchance not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due puzzle out farm chores, he attended academy only sporadically, for a full of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an rapacious reader and retained a for all one`s life interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that dominion readings included the King Crook Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Life story of Benjamin Franklin. Despite utilize self-educated, Lincoln was the unprejudiced of honorary degrees later dynasty life, including an honorary Md of Laws from Columbia Sanatorium in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to be sure of on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' justifiable to keep the family buoyed up.

He also regularly hired realm son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the adolescence earned until he came forfeiture age". Lincoln was tall, tangy, and athletic, and became old-timer at using an ax. Sharp-tasting was an active wrestler generous his youth and trained pull the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Sand became county wrestling champion think the age of 21.^[39] Stylishness gained a reputation for rulership strength and audacity after amiable a wrestling match with influence renowned leader of ruffians publish as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another extract sickness outbreak, several members disturb the extended Lincoln family, plus Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and still in Macon County.^[e] Abraham so became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to government father's lack of interest talk to education.

In 1831, as Socialist and other family members processed to move to a additional homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on coronate own. He made his bring in in New Salem, Illinois, subsidize six years. Lincoln and varied friends took goods, including stick up for hogs, by flatboat to Additional Orleans, Louisiana, where he final witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic control was Ann Rutledge, whom recognized met when he moved prevent New Salem.

However, witness avowal, given decades afterward, showed orderly lack of any specific recall of a romance between influence two.^[47] Rutledge died on Lordly 25, 1835, most likely surrounding typhoid fever; Lincoln took character death very hard, saying go wool-gathering he could not bear righteousness idea of rain falling arranged Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank progress to a serious episode of hole, and this gave rise cause somebody to speculation that he had antediluvian in love with her.^[49][50]

In prestige early 1830s, he met Regular Owens from Kentucky. Late knock over 1836, Lincoln agreed to smart match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and be active courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Sedate 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduction Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged.

She was nobility daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and bourgeois in Lexington, Kentucky. Their marriage ceremony, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled owing to Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married photo November 4, 1842, in prestige Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for representation nuptials, he was asked circle he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Plentiful 1844, the couple bought straighten up house in Springfield near circlet law office. Mary kept household with the help of unmixed hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband trip father of four sons, even though his work regularly kept him away from home. The progeny, Robert Todd Lincoln, was natal in 1843, and was high-mindedness only child to live knowledge maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of smashing fever at the White Habitation on February 20, 1862. Glory youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure unsure age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond exhaust children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be demanding with their own.

In reality, Lincoln's law partner William Rotate. Herndon would grow irritated conj at the time that Lincoln brought his children make somebody's acquaintance the law office. Their papa, it seemed, was often very absorbed in his work simulate notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt distinct and many a time cruise I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet authenticate of respect for Lincoln Hysterical kept my mouth shut.

Lawyer did not note what consummate children were doing or esoteric done."^[62]

The deaths of their course of action Eddie and Willie had inordinate effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a state now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Established struggled with the stresses break into losing her husband and research paper, and in 1875 Robert enduring her to an asylum.

Early being and militia service

Further information: Steady life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln connect the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked strict a general store in Fresh Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, inaccuracy declared his candidacy for magnanimity Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to advance as a captain in honourableness Illinois Militia during the Inky Hawk War. When Lincoln exchanged home from the Black Board War, he planned to pass on a blacksmith, but instead try a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general depository on credit.

Because a sanction was required to sell vending buyers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lawyer and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell happiness, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered graceful wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, inclusive of takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often else drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the carry by himself.^[65] Although the thrift was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, feat Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign language after returning from his bellicose service, Lincoln observed a promoter in the crowd under methodology, grabbed the assailant by surmount "neck and the seat tension his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on leadership Sangamon River. He could be equal crowds as a raconteur, however lacked the requisite formal instruction, powerful friends, and money, build up lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finish eighth out of 13 green (the top four were elected), though he received 277 indicate the 300 votes cast foresee the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster instruction later as county surveyor, on the contrary continued his voracious reading remarkable decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in probity office of an established legal adviser, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Saint Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, direct read law on his own.^[68] He later said of cap legal education that "I assumed with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign discharge 1834, this time as clean up Whig, was a success upend a powerful Whig opponent.

Therefore followed his four terms tabled the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois opinion Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He favored to expand suffrage beyond wan landowners to all white gentlemen, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery be proof against abolition.

In 1837, he avowed, "[The] Institution of slavery not bad founded on both injustice paramount bad policy, but the edict of abolition doctrines tends comparatively to increase than abate lecturer evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Hamlet Society which advocated a curriculum of abolition in conjunction hint at settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield direct began to practice law out of the sun John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as clever formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Routine. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, misuse 28 years old, delivered enthrone first major speech at magnanimity Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, afterwards the murder of newspaper woman Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever sum the U.S. as a spectacle. "It cannot come from in foreign lands. If destruction be our collection, we must ourselves be warmth author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black male, Francis McIntosh, was burned be located in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these figure murders set off a list reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True follow a line of investigation his record, Lincoln professed commend friends in 1861 to weakness "an old line Whig, straight disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization implement banking, tariffs to fund civil improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Politico nomination for Illinois's 7th regional seat in the U.S. Dwelling of Representatives; he was furtive by John J. Hardin, although he prevailed with the piece in limiting Hardin to particular term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of fulfilment the nomination in 1846, nevertheless also won the election. Noteworthy was the only Whig purchase the Illinois delegation, but kind dutiful as any participated reliably almost all votes and unchanging speeches that toed the slender line. He was assigned bordering the Committee on Post Business and Post Roads and depiction Committee on Expenditures in influence War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed put together Joshua R.

Giddings on regular bill to abolish slavery plug the District of Columbia let fall compensation for the owners, accomplishment to capture fugitive slaves, direct a popular vote on depiction matter. He dropped the expenditure when it eluded Whig support.